The article examines the often-overlooked economic contributions of medieval women, particularly during the Late Middle Ages. Christine de Pizan highlights how noblewomen managed estates while their husbands were away, assuming critical governance roles. Businesswomen emerged across regions, with notable examples in Italy and London, where women owned and controlled production, invested, and participated in trade. Historical records reveal that many women operated autonomously in business, with a significant portion engaged in economic activities, challenging traditional views of their societal roles.
"Because knights, squires, and gentlemen embark on journeys and follow wars, it is fitting for their wives to be wise, to govern with great prudence, and to see clearly in all that they do."
"According to Italian notarial records from the 15th century, around 20% of women participated in buying and selling goods or engaged in business dealings with their husbands' consent."
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