"The older of the two, named Mars Odyssey, has been at Mars since 2001 and will soon run out of fuel, probably some time in the next couple of years. NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, which launched in 2005, is healthy for its age, with enough fuel to last into the 2030s. MRO is also important to NASA because it has the best camera at Mars, with the ability to map landing sites for future missions."
"Two European spacecraft, Mars Express and the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter, have radios to relay data between mission controllers and NASA's landers on the Martian surface. Mars Express, now 22 years old, suffers from the same aging concerns as Mars Odyssey and MRO. The ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter is newer, having arrived at Mars in 2016, but is also operating beyond its original lifetime."
"China and the United Arab Emirates also have orbiters circling Mars, but neither spacecraft is equipped to serve as a communications relay. NASA's Curiosity and Perseverance rovers have the capability for direct-to-Earth communications, but the orbiting relay network can support vastly higher data throughput. Without overhead satellites, much of the science data and many of the spectacular images collected by NASA's rovers might never make it off the planet."
"MAVEN's unique orbit, stretching as far as 2,800 miles (4,500 kilometers) above Mars, has some advantages for data relay. In that orbit, MAVEN could relay science data from rovers on the surface for up to 30 minutes at a time, longer than the relay periods available through NASA's lower-altitude orbiters. Because of this, MAVEN could support the largest data volumes of any of the other relay options."
NASA's Mars relay network depends on orbiters with varying ages and fuel. Mars Odyssey has operated since 2001 and will likely run out of fuel within a few years. Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter launched in 2005 and has fuel to last into the 2030s; MRO provides the best camera for landing-site mapping. Mars Express and ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter can relay data, though Mars Express is 22 years old. China and the UAE have orbiters without relay capability. Curiosity and Perseverance can communicate directly with Earth, but orbiting relays enable much higher data throughput. MAVEN's high orbit can provide up to 30-minute relay windows and support the largest data volumes.
Read at Ars Technica
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