Sudan's devastating war rages on as regional rivalries deepen

"External patrons with deep pockets are turning Sudan into an indirect theatre of confrontation. Their money, weapons and logistical support shape battlefield calculations, sustain fighting capacity, and at times shift military momentum, prolonging the conflict and reducing incentives for compromise."

"On one side stands the Sudanese army, which has assembled a coalition of supporters: Egypt, Eritrea, Turkiye, Qatar, Iran and, increasingly, Saudi Arabia, initially a neutral mediator. These countries, along with the United Nations and the Arab League, recognise army chief Abdel Fattah al-Burhan as Sudan's head of state."

"As the war edges towards its fourth year, the conflict is steadily regionalising into the Horn of Africa and the Red Sea, making any settlement that much harder to reach."

Sudan's civil war continues into its fourth year with no resolution in sight, as regional actors provide substantial military and financial support to both the Sudanese army and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF). The conflict has become a proxy battleground where external patrons—including Egypt, Eritrea, Turkey, Qatar, Iran, and Saudi Arabia backing the army, while the UAE supports the RSF—sustain fighting capacity and shift military momentum. This external involvement reduces incentives for compromise and complicates peace efforts. The front line remains largely static in west-central Kordofan with no decisive breakthrough. As the conflict regionalizes across the Horn of Africa and Red Sea, documented atrocities including executions, torture, and sexual violence continue to devastate Sudanese civilians.

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