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Gidziela, A. et al. A meta-analysis of genetic effects associated with neurodevelopmental disorders and co-occurring conditions. Nat. Hum. Behav. 7, 642656 (2023). PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Buescher, A. V. S., Cidav, Z., Knapp, M. & Mandell, D. S. Costs of autism spectrum disorders in the United Kingdom and the United States. JAMA Pediatr. 168, 721728 (2014). PubMed Google Scholar
Longitudinal studies - which follow individuals to collect data about health, lifestyle and environment over a period of months, years or even decades - have helped researchers understand disease risk, inform prevention strategies and improve public health planning. But the majority of large-scale longitudinal research has historically taken place in Europe or North America, meaning many populations remain under-represented in the data. A new generation of longitudinal studies is aiming to better reflect population diversity - not just by recruiting from underserved groups, but by embedding community involvement, local scientific leadership and context-specific questions into their design.
