#antibody-production

#antibody-production

Igh and Igk V(D)J recombination is orchestrated by the RAG1-RAG2 heterotetramer bound to a recombination centre formed around intronic enhancers and J segments of each locus. RAG cleaves robustly only paired gene segments flanked by bona fide RSSs with, respectively, 12-bp and 23-bp spacers, which must be properly aligned in parallel in the active sites of the two RAG1 proteins in the RAG complex.

During viral infection and in the case of cancer, CD4+ helper T-cells release cytokines, or small signaling proteins, that activate and "give permission" to other immune cells to control and clear viral pathogens. In certain viral infections, such as lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), which is spread by infected rodents, CD4+ T-cells differentiate into different subpopulations, including one subset of progenitor CD4+ T-cells that replenish type 1 helper (Th1) and follicular helper (Tfh) T-cells.