Google utilizes around 40 different signals for canonicalization in search, with the most notable being redirects, rel-canonical attributes, and x-default.
Regarding the removal of the 'Redirect to Shorter' signal, Allan pointed out that it interacted poorly with HTTP/HTTPS, leading to confusion with conflicting webmaster signals.
Allan emphasized that canonical tags and redirects often present conflicting signals, prompting Google to analyze other indicators like sitemaps and PageRank to determine the right canonical version.
Allan also mentioned that although x-default is not widely used, it is an important signal for canonicalization, deserving more attention from webmasters.
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